Pop Art is a metropolitan phenomenon; it requires the iconic, over-romanticised American Pop culture, which appeared in Anglo-Saxon countries. Consumer society with its tempting but actually useless products had spread in these places much earlier in the 20th century than anywhere else. Not even Western-European countries could compete with England and the USA at this time, since they were still recovering from World War II. The artists who worked in the era were born during a war or between the two wars, in the actual front countries. For them, the American positivism and consumerism were irreal and unnatural. Something similar did appear close to Pop Art, though. This new art movement, which relied more on Dadaist and Surrealist sources than its Anglo-Sexon relative, was called ’New Realism’, and was much less aggressive, but way more emotional than the works of American and English Pop artists. In Italy, Germany, France and Belgium New Realists also turned towards industrial subjects, but they often based their works on photographic references, instead of commercial emblems.
A few European artists that need to be mentioned:
Daniel Spoerri’s most well-known works are his Anecdotal Topographies: these were random food left-overs fixed on the plates, fixed on the wall, along with other dishes; with these Assemblages, the artist freezes time and records that specific moment after dinner (there was an occasion when Spoerri invited several influential art critics for a dinner, and fixed their left-overs on the dirty plates). He also had acts, that are more connected to Happenings: his Grocery Store project was dealing with everyday products labelled as artworks and sold as those.
Yves Klein was the most significant member of the New Realists and some of his creating methods were the strangest: he hired people (mostly women), who dipped their bodies in paint, then rolled over the canvas. The resulting prints were suprisingly spectacular, and unquestionably unique.
Anthropometry ANT 85, 1960
The Bulgarian Christo is probably the person to use the greatest amount of packaging paper, as most of his works included wrapping up objects. But these were not only small everyday household objects- among the wrapped up things there are the Reichstag (the German Parliament) and a whole coast line.
Wrapped Reichstag, photographed 1995
Mentioning these three artists is enough to show how Europen artists differed from the American and English Pop artists.
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